100+ Keyboard Shortcuts of Windows

Keyboard Shortcuts (Microsoft Windows)

1. CTRL+C (Copy)
2. CTRL+V (Paste)

3. CTRL+X (Cut)
4. CTRL+Z (Undo)
5. DELETE (Delete)
6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
15. CTRL+A (Select all)
16. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
17. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
18. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
19. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
20. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
21. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents opensimultaneously)
22. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
23. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
24. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
25. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
26. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
27. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
28. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
29. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
30. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
31. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
32. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
33. F5 key (Update the active window)
34. BACKSPACE (View the folder onelevel up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
35. ESC (Cancel the current task)
36. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROMinto the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

Microsoft Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

1. CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)2. CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)3. CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)4. CTRL+H (Open the History bar)5. CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)6. CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)7. CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)8. CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box,the same as CTRL+L)9. CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)10. CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)11. CTRL+W (Close the current window)

Dialog Box - Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
3. TAB (Move forward through the options)
4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
9. F1 key (Display Help)
10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts

1. Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)

2. Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)

3. Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)

4. Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)

5. Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restorethe minimized windows)
6. Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
7. Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
8. CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
9. Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
10. Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
11. Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
12. Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
13. Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts
14. Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
15. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
16. Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
17. SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
18. NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
19. Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
20. Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
21. END (Display the bottom of the active window)
22. HOME (Display the top of the active window)
23. NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
24. NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)

MMC Console keyboard shortcuts

1. SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
2. F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
3. F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
4. CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
5. CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
6. ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for theselected item)
7. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
8. CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation
1. CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
2. ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
3. ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
4. ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
5. ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
6. CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
7. ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
8. CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
9. CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place asnapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboardand provide the same functionality aspressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Explain dynamic model with its description.(C++)

A sample dynamic model of a real device shows how the various modeling constructs fit together. This is a model of a sears “Weekender” programmable thermostat. This device controls a furnace and their conditioner according to time dependent attributes which the owner enters using a pad of buttons.

While running, thermostat operates the furnace or air conditioner to keep the current temperature equal to the target temperature. The target temperature is taken from table of program values supplied by the user. The table specifies target temperature for 8 different time periods, 4 an weekdays and 4 on weekends, with start times specified by the user. The target temperature is reset from the table at the beginning of each program period. The user can override the target temperature for the reminder of the current period or indefinitely. The user programs the thermostat using a pad of 10 pushing buttons and 3 switches. The user sees parameters on an alphanumeric display. A switch illuminates a night light. The thermostat has a temperature sensor that  reads the air temperature. The thermostat  operates power relays for a furnace and an air conditioner, and an indicator lights up when the furnace and an air conditioner and an indicator lights up when the furnace or air conditioner is operating. Each push buttons generates an event every time it is pushed. We assigned one input event per button.

Temp up    raises target temperature or program temp

Temp down     raises target temperature or program temp   

Time fwd   advance clock time or program time.

Time Back        retards clock time of program time

Set clock    sets current time of day.

Set day       sets current day of the weeks.

Run Prgm  leaves setup or program mode and runs the program.

View Prgm  enters program mode to examine and modify program time and program temp settings.

Hold temp        holds current target temperature in spite of the program.

F.C. Button      alternates temperatures display between Fahrenheit and Celsius , each switch supplies a parameter value chosen from two or three possibilities. We model each switch as  independent concurrent sub diagram with one  state per switch setting. Although we assign events names to change in state, if is the state of each switch that is of interest. The switches and their setting are:

Light switch     light alphanumeric display values: light off, light on.

Season switch specifies which devices the thermostat controls. Values : heat,cool,off

Fan switch specifies when the ventilation fan operates values : fan on, fan auto

The thermostat controls the furnace, air conditions and fan power  relays. We model this controls by activities “run furnace”,”run air conditioner”, and run “fan” .

what do you mean by automatic transition ? (C++)

  Frequently the purpose of a state is to perform a sequential activity. When the activity is completed, a transition to another state fires. An arrow without an event name indicates an automatic transition that  fires when the activity associated with sources state is completed there is no activity, the unlabelled transition fires as soon as the state is entered.

If a state has no one more automatic, but none of the guard conditions are satisfied, then the state remains active until one of the conditions is satisfied on until an event causes another transition to fire.

explain the dynamic modeling and find the difference between object diagram and state diagram. (C++)

      A system can best to understood by first examining its static structure, the structure of its objects and their relationship to each other at a single moment in time. Now we examines changes to the objects and their relationship overtime. Those aspect of a system that are concerned with time and changes are dynamic model.

the major dynamic modeling concept are :

·     Events

·     External stimuli

·     States

Difference between state diagram and object diagram are following :

a)the state diagram is a standard computer science concept that has been handled in different ways depending upon its use.

b) a state diagram is a network of states and events.

c)an object diagram is a network of class and relationship.

d)the dynamic models consists of multiple state diagram, one state diagram for each class with important dynamic behavior and shows the pattern of activity for an entire system.

Describes state and events. (C++)

the attribute values and links held by an object are called its state.

The object simulate each other, resulting in a series of changes to their state.

“an individual stimulus from one object is another is an event”

The response to an event depends on the state of the object receiving it, and can include a change of a state or the sending of another event to the original sender or to a third object, the pattern of events, states and state transitions for a given class can be abstracted and represented as a state diagram.

Events   -

·     An event is something that happens at a point in time. For example user depresses left button of flight 1223 departs from Kathmandu.

·     An event has no duration

·     And event  is simply an occurrence that is fast compared to the granularity of the time scale.

·     One event may be logically precede or follow another.

·     Two event may be unrelated.

·     Two evens are casually related.

·     Two events are casually unrelated are said to be concurrent. They have no effect on each other.

·     In modeling a system use do not try to establish an ordering between concurrent events because they can occur in any order.

·     An events is one way transmission of information from one object to another,

·     An object sending an events to  another objects may expect a reply, but the reply is a separate event is under the control of second objects.

·     Every events is unique occurrence,but can grouped in a class if they all are of same type.

·     An events conveys information from one object to another  .

State

·     A states is an abstraction of the attribute values and links of an object i.e. the state of bank is solvent or insolvent.

·     A states specifies the response of the object to input events.

·     The response into of an object to an event may include an action or a change of state by the object.

·     A state corresponds to the interval between two events received by an object.

·     Events represent points in time.

·     State represent intervals of time.

·     A state has duration, it occupies an interval of time. A state if often associated with a continuous, activity, such as a ringing of a telephone, such as a flying from malaysiya to bankok.

·     Events and states are dual of one another.

·     A state separate two events.

What do you understand by dynamic modeling ? (C++)

        The object model is defines the static structure of a given system by giving the structure of its objects and relationships to each other at a single moment of time.

Those aspect of a system that are concerned with time and changes are the dynamic model,in constraints with the static or object model. The dynamic model examines the changes to the objects and their relationship over time. It deals with flow of control, interactions and sequencing of operation in a system to concurrently active objects. The major dynamic modeling concepts are events states, state diagrams,conditions,actions.

Controls is that aspect of a system that describes the sequences of operations that occurs in response to external stimuli, without consideration of what the operation do, what they operate on, or how they are implemented.

The major dynamic modeling concept are events which represents external stimuli and states, which represent values of objects.

what is constraints ? (C++)

Constraints are functional relationship between entities of or object model. The term entity includes objects,classes,attributes,links and associations. A constraint restrict the values that entities can assume.

Constraint provide one criterion for measuring the quality of an object model, a ‘good’ object model captures many constraints through its structure. It often requires several iterations to get the structure of a model right from the perspective of constraints.

Constraint are delimited by braces and positioned near the constrained entity.

A dotted line connects multiple constrained entity. An arrow must be used to connect a constrained entity to the entity it depends on instantiation is kind of constraint and therefore,uses the same notation.

what is candidate keys? (C++)

A candidate key is a minimal set of attribute that uniquely identifies an object or link.

A class or association may have one or more candidate keys,each of which may have different combinations and numbers of attributes.

Candidate key is a term commonly used within the database community . however, candidate key is really not a database concept; candidate key is a logical concept. Each candidate key constraints the instances in class or the multiplicity of an association.  Most programming languages lack the notation of a candidate key. A candidate key is defined in an object model with braces.

what is metadata? (C++)

  Metadata is a data that describe other data for Ex-the  definition of a class is metadata. Models are inherently metadata, since they describes the things being modeled. Many real-world application have metadata, such as parts catalogs, blue prints and dictionaries.

Computer language implementations alsp use metadata heavily.

Meta data is frequently confusing because it blurs the normal separation between the model and the real world.

what do you understand by multiple inheritance ? (C++)

Multiple inheritance permit a class to have more than one super-class and to inherit features from all parents. This permit mixing of information from two or more sources. This is a more complicated form form of generalization than single inheritance, which restrict the class hierarchy to a tree. The advantage of multiple inheritance is great power in specifying classes and an increased opportunity for reuse.

What are abstract class? (C++)

An abstract class is a class that has no direct instances but whose descendant classes have direct instance. A concrete class is a class that is insatiable ; that is it can have direct instances. A concrete class may have abstract sub-class. A concrete class may be a leaf class in the inheritances tree; only concrete class may be leaf classes in the inheritances tree;

What is difference between aggregation versus generalization ?(C++)

Aggregation is not same thing as generalization Aggregation relates instances. Two distinct objects are involved, one of them is part of the other. Generalization relates classes and is a way of structuring the description of a single object. Both super-class and sub-class refers to properties of a single object with generalization, an object is simultaneously an instances of the super-class and an instances of sub-class. Confusion arises because both aggregation and generalization give rise to trees through transitive closure. An aggregation tree  is composed of object instances that are all part of a composite object a generalization tree is composed of a classes that describes the object Aggregation is often called “a-part of” relationship; generalization is often called “a-kind of” or “is-a” relationship.

What is aggregation? (C++)

Aggregation is a strong form of association in

Which an aggregate object is made component.

Components are part of the aggregate. The aggregate is   an extended object that is treated as a unit in many operations, although physically it is made of several lesser objects.

A single aggregate object may have several parts. Each part-whole relationship is treated separate aggregation in order to emphasize the simplicity to association. Aggregation is inherently transitive; an aggregate has parts, which may in turn   have parts.

Aggregation Versus Association

Aggregation is a special form of association, not an independent concept. Aggregation adds semantic can notation in certain cases. If two objects are tightly bound by apart-whole relationship, it is an aggregation.

If the two objects are usually considered as independent, even though they may often be linked. It is an association some tests include:

(i)Would you use the phrase part of?                    

(ii) Are some operations on the whole automatically applied to its parts?

(iii) Are some attribute value propagated from the whole to all or some parts?

(iv)Is there an intrinsic asymmetry to the association, where one object is subordinate to the other ?

Define the links and a associations .(C++)

 A link is a physical or conceptual connection between object instances. For example ramesh gupta works for karp company. Mathematically, a link is define as a tuple,that is an ordered list of object instances . a Link is an instances of an association,

An association describes a group of Links with common structure and common semantic. For example , a person works – for a company. All the Links in an association connected objects from the same classes.

Association and Links are often appear as verbs in a problem statement.

Association are often implemented in programming languages as pointers from one object to other. A pointer is an attributes in one object that contains an explicit references to another object.

For example , a data structures for person might contain an attribute employer that points to a company objects and a company object might contain an attribute employees that points to a set of employee objects. Implementing association as pointers is perfectly acceptable, but associations should not be modeled this way.

5 What is object model ?

The objects model describes the structures of objects in a system their identity, their relationship to other objects, their attributes, and their operations. The objects model provides the essential homework into which the dynamic and functional model cal placed. Our goal in constructing an object model is to capture those concepts from the real world that are important to an application. In modeling an engineering problem , the object model should contain terms familiar to engineers modeling a business problem. The object model is represented graphically with objects diagram containing object classes. Classes are arrange into hierarchies sharing common structure and behavior and are associated with other classes. Classes define the attributes values carried by each object instances and the operation which each object performs or undergoes.

Explain the object modeling technique .

The OMT methodology uses three kind of models to describe a system. The object models describes the object in the system and their relationship.

The dynamic model describes the interaction among objects in the system, and the functional model, describe the data transformation of the system. Each model is applicable during all stages of development and acquires implementation details as development progress. A complete description of a system requires all three models.

what is object oriented ?

 The term ‘object-oriented’ means that we organize software as a collection of discrete objects that incorporate both data structure and behaviour are only loosely connected .

An object oriented approach generally include for aspects: they are :

a)Identity

b)Classification

c)Polymorphism

d)Inheritance

a)Identity:- means that data is quantized into discrete distinguishable entities called objects. A paragraph in a document , a window on my workstation and the white queen in a chess game are examples of objects. Objects can be concrete or conceptual . Two objects are distinct even if all their attributes values are identical.

b) Classification : means that object with the same data structure (attributes) and behavior are grouped in to a class . fruits ,vegetable and furniture’s are example of class. A class is an abstraction that describes properties important  to an application and ignores the rest. Each objects is said to be an instances of its class.

c)Polymorphism:-means that the same operation may behave differently on different classes.

d)Inheritances:- is sharing of attributes and operation among classes based on a hierarchical problems.

What is object oriented modeling ?

Object oriented modeling and design is a new way of thinking  about  problems about problems using models organized around real world concepts. The fundamental construct is the object, which combine both data structure and behavior in a single entire. Object oriented models are useful for understanding problems, communicating with application experts, modeling enterprises preparing documentation and design program and databases.

What do you Understand by the objects and classes ? (C++)

Distinguishable entities are called objects. A paragraph in a document, a window on my workstation and the white queen in a chess game are example of objects.

Objects can be concrete such as a file in a file system, or conceptual such as a scheduling policy in  a multiprocessing operating system. Each object has its own inherent identical.

In other words, two objects are dentist even if all their attribute values are identical.

Objects with the same data structure and behavior are grouped into a class paragraph, window and chess piece are example of classes , A class is an abstraction that describes properties important to an application and ignores the rest.

Each class describes a possibly infinite set of individual objects.Each objects is said to be an instances of its class. Each instants of an class has its own value for each attribute but shares the attributes names and operation with other instances of the class.

Objects are as a concept,abstraction or thing with crisp boundaries  and meaning for the problem at hand , objects serve two purpose. They promote understanding of the real world and provide a practical basis for computer implementation. Decomposition of a problem into objects depends on judgment and nature of the problem. There is no one correct representation .